Perpetually Romantic - Raag Bihag

We take a peek into the romantic world of Bihäg...

The raag-system in Hindustani music uses predominantly flat (shuddha) notes in matrices assigned to the night zone. We entered the enchanting realm of night-raags with Yaman. We also had an encounter with Raag Maru-Bihäg. We will now take a closer look at Raag Bihäg today.

Bihäg is a night melody, generally sung in the first quadrant of night and belongs to the Biläwal Thät. It uses the complete octave of shuddha notes with a touch of teevra madhyam (sharp fourth note) in descent, typically in the ‘pa-ma-ga-Ma-ga-Sä’ phrase. This separates Bihäg from other raag-matrices using the same set of notes. These notes evoke a romantic mood and offer tremendous potential for creative expression and expansive treatment to a performer and; hence, Bihäg has been an immensely popular raags.

Recordings from the 78-rpm era give us a taste of the talent and finesse achieved by the revered seniors and one finds numerous gramophone discs presenting Bihäg. ‘Gän-Hirä’ Hiräbäi Barodekar, Ustäd Abdul Karim Khän, Mushtäq Hussein Khän, Bade Ghuläm Ali Khän and other greats have given Bihäg an expansive treatment and composed a number of enchanting bandishes in this raag. Pt Vasanträo Deshpände, Pt Kumär Gandharva, Pt Jasräj and younger artists like Smt Ashwini Bhide-Deshpände, Räm Deshpände, in recent years, have also given due justice to Bihäg in their performances and recordings. Late Vasanträo’s trademark rendition ‘Nä chhedo nä’ in Bihäg (composed by Pt. Kumär Gandharv but sung exclusively by Vasanträo) merits a special mention in the context of its layakäri potential.

Vidushi Smt. Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande has also recorded a fabulous Bihäg in contemporary artists. Her rendition of jod 'Lat ulazi sulazä jä balmä' makes for a very special listening experience with tän-patterns and äläpi fitting the mood of this traditional composition.

Pt. Ravi Shankar’s early recording with tabla-accompaniment by late Ustäd Ahmedjän Thirakwa is a masterpiece in Bihäg. Ustäd Bismilläh Khän’s Bihäg is equally popular and widely available.

The list of compositions based on this matrix in popular music is vast. Latä Mangeshkar’s ‘Tere sur aur mere geet’ (Film: Goonj Uthi Shehnai) stands out as the top recall. However, late KL Saigal’s ‘Ae dil-e-beqarär zoom’ (Film: Shähjehän) is equally sweet and still hugely popular. Relatively lesser-known composers like Kanu Roy (‘Boliye surilee boliyän’, Film: Grih-Pravesh) or the unsung maestro late Jaidev (‘Koi gätä mein so jätä’, Film: Aäläp) also made perfect use of Bihäg’s magic in their work. A song like ‘Yeh kyä jageh hai doston’ (Film: Umräo Jän) exhibits composer Khayyäm’s mastery over Bihäg.

Nätya-sangeet once again leads the inventory in Maräthi compositions based on Bihäg. Bäl Gandharva’s ‘Mama ätmä gamalä’ (Play: Swayamwar) was sung once again by Pt Kumär Gandharva as a tribute to the old master and still remains much admired nätyageet. But the honour for the most imaginative composition in Raag Pat-Bihäg (a sister-melody of Bihäg) in recent years goes to Pt. Jitendra Abhisheki. ‘Yä bhawanätil geet puräne’ from ‘Katyär Kälajät Ghusali’ had the added advantage of Vasanträo’s electrifying gäyaki and is considered to be a landmark composition. But the true signature of Bihäg, so to say; came from Late Anand Modak, a revered name in Marathi music. His composition of renowned poet N. D. Mahanor's verse for 'Preet-Rang', a stage show of compilation of love-poems in Marathi, takes the top spot for my favorite compositions in Bihäg. Sung by Madhuri Purandare, here's the track that celebrates the true mood of Bihäg...

A Worthy Sibling - Räg Märu-Bihäg!

Räg Märu-Bihäg proves its mettle as a worthy sibling to Yaman with countless melodies...

A new post after a long hiatus here  (due entirely to my lethargy, let me confess!) after we looked at one of the most complete rägs (Räg Yaman) in detail! But now let’s move on our enjoyable musical trek towards a few more räg-matrices that are performed during the first quadrant of night. Naturally, the framework of notes used here is also similar to some extent. Most naturally, Räg Märu-Bihäg beckons us due to its closeness with Räg Yaman.

Märu-Bihäg, undoubtedly, is one of the most pleasant matrices in Indian Classical music tradition that uses all seven flat notes in the octave and also uses Teevra Madhyam (sharp fourth note) additionally. A number of musicologists have highlighted its similarity with Yaman, especially in its descent and can, therefore, be called its sibling! Märu-Bihäg also allows for a vast potential in its expansive treatment in presentation and has, therefore, been one of the favoured rägs with vocalists and instrumentalists, alike.

A number of seniors have left behind some remarkable compositions in this matrix, but Pt Vasanträo Deshpände’s ‘Mein patiyä likh bheji’ set to mid-tempo Teen-täl merits a special mention here. Thanx to good old DoorDarshan, you can actually enjoy Vasanträo’s super-expressive Märu-Bihäg bandish in video here!

Also special is Pt Bheemsen Joshi’s ‘Tarpat rainä din’ with some outstanding and breath-taking tän-patterns. But what I have specially for readers of ‘Music-Fundaaz’ is one of the most memorable Märu-Bihäg presentations by internationally reputed violinist Pt DK Dätär in a concert organized by Saptak, Nashik in 2000 where he was accompanied by Pt. Vibhav Nageshkar on tablä – enjoy the violin that sings…

Popular music has borrowed heavily on Märu-Bihäg matrix treating listeners to a number of delightful compositions. The top-recall, without doubt, is the immortal Latä-Rafi duet ‘Tum to pyär ho’ (Film: Sehrä) under the baton of Late Vasant Desai. But Mukesh, not really well known for classical singing, also holds his own in ‘Matwäli när thumak-thumak chali jäy’ based on Märu-Bihäg. The crown, however, definitely goes to late RD Burman for composing an exceptionally delightful song based on this räg in recent times. ‘Pancham-dä’, the composer responsible for popularizing Western music in Hindi films single-handedly, was always unpredictable in the sense that he came up with a lilting and hummable yet conservative, hardcore classical composition that was least expected of him - the most fitting example being ‘Rädhä jäye nä’ (Film: Mehboobä) sung by Latä Mangeshkar!

The enchanting world of Maräthi bhäv-geet is replete with many such compositions in Märu-Bihäg. Geet-Rämäyan, as usual, gives us an all-time favourite, ‘Palavili Rävane Seetä’.

However, my personal choice is ‘Jeevanät hi ghadi’ (Film: Kämäpuratä Mämä, Music: Yashwant Dev) sung by Lata-didi. 

Indeed a worthy sibling to the eternally pleasant Yaman – this Märu-Bihäg...!

'Yaman'-mania continues...

We conclude our trek in Räg Yaman with an overview of compositions in Maräthi.

Just like Hindi film and non-film music domain, Raag Yaman has spawned numerous compositions in Maräthi soundscape. With nätya-sangeet paving the way in popularizing classical music amongst the masses, the magic of Yaman-matrix was practically irresistible.

Pt. Bhäskarbuwä Bakhale, composer par excellence and mentor to greats like Bäl Gandharva, gave us ‘Rädhädhar madhu milind’ (Play: Saubhadra) and ‘Näth hä mäjhä’ (Play: Swayamvar) – evergreen compositions that refuse to fade from popularity charts even after a century. But late Bäl Gandharva is still nostalgically remembered for his ‘Nayane läjaveet’ (Play: Mänäpmän) and ‘Läge rhudayi hurhur’ (Play: Ekach Pyälä). The beauty of all these compositions is that these famous nätyageets have achieved immortality over the traditional bandishes from whom they were inspired. But the most significant composition (from this perspective) came from Mst. Krishnaräo. His ‘De maj devä janm hä’ (Play: Kone Eke Käli) made such a distinctive mark that a bandish was later composed (‘Preetam Saiyyan Lägi Re’) on the outline of this famous pad. 

The true ‘näyak’ of nätya-sangeet in recent years, however, has been late Pt Jitendra Abhisheki. His exceptional treatment of Yaman in compositions like ‘Devägharache dnyät kunälä’ (Play: Matsyagandhä) or ‘Tujhä ge nit nootan sahawäs’ (Play: Väsavdattä) has left a special ‘Abhisheki’ stamp on Yaman-matrix for other composers to follow. His Yaman compositions also include several popular songs like ‘Kashi tuj samajäoo säng’ in the bhävsangeet domain. Here’s a special treat for all Abhisheki-buwä fans - ‘Devägharache dnyät kunälä’ (Play: Matsyagandhä) in his own inimitable style from a private concert in the early 80s!

Once we enter the realm of Maräthi bhävsangeet, there’s a range of songs to choose from in Yaman-matrix. We have feasted on Ashä Bhosale’s ‘Känadäu Vitthalu’, or her rendition of Pt Dinänäth Mangeshkar’s landmark nätyageet ‘Suhäsya tujhe’ and ‘Mee maj harapun basale ga’ (based on this nätyageet) for decades. She has also immortalized ‘Mäge ubhä mangesh’ (in company with sister Ushä  Mangeshkar) and ‘Kä re durävä’ (Film: Mumbaichä Jävai) based on this raag. Sudhir Phadke, the doyen of Maräthi music, has also teamed up with Ashäji while humming ‘Dhundi kalyänä’ (Film: Dhäkti Bahin) while his solos like ‘Samädhi sädhan’, ‘Toch chandramä nabhät’, ‘Parädheen ähe jagati’ (from Geet-Rämäyan) have regaled rasiks forever. Very few listeners today are aware that ‘Kä re durävä’ (Film: Mumbaichä Jävai) and ‘Dhundi kalyänä’ (Film: Dhäkti Bahin) are twin compositions that Babuji had to do at the insistence of the film producer. Here's the original version of Ashä Bhosale - Ushä Mangeshkar 'Mahänandä' number and some more...

Pt Bhimsen Joshi, in his ‘Abhangwäni’ has rendered ‘Adhik dekhane tari’ in Yaman-Kalyän and has joined late Pt Vasanträo Deshpande in ‘Täl bole chipalilä’ (Film: Bholi Bhäbdi) to music-lovers’ joy. Vasanträo himself is forever remembered for ‘Pratham tulä vandito’ (Film: Ashtavinäyak), a film song based on Yaman. Songsters like Arun Date (‘Shukratärä’), Late Smt Mänik Varmä (‘Kabiräche vinato shele’), Suman Kalyänpur (‘Jithe sägarä dharani milate’) have also left a mark on the Yaman-matrix with some memorable songs. Even younger composers like Shreedhar Phadke has given us his best in ‘Tejomay näd bramha he’ while attempting his hand at Yaman.

But the piece-de-resistance, so to say, still remains in the form of Latä-didi’s wealth of songs. Her early songs like ‘Tinhi sänjä sakhe milälyä’, ‘Sundar te dhyän’ or ‘Chäphä bole nä’ are as valuable as khändäni bandishes in hardcore classical. The Yaman-mania will continue to haunt us forever, but we must move on due primarily to sheer vastness of the räg-matrix. More on some other raag-matrix in the next post – till then enjoy this medley of songs in the greatest räg of them all – Räg Yaman...!!!